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Herero and Namaqua Genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia) against the Herero and Nama people. It is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century.〔Olusoga, David and Erichsen, Casper W (2010). ''The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism''. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6〕〔 〕〔Mahmood Mamdani (2001) ''When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda'', Princeton University Press, Princeton ISBN 978-0-69105-821-4〕〔 〕 It took place between 1904 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. On 12 January 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of dehydration. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. In total, 24,000–100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died.〔〔〔Dominik J. Schaller (2008) ''From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa'', p. 296, Berghahn Books, NY ISBN 1-8454-5452-9〕〔Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop (1998) ''The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy'', p. 87, University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-0-47209-682-4〕〔Walter Nuhn (1989) ''Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904'', Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.〕〔Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen (2007) (''Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics'' ), p. 33, Rodopi ISBN 978-1-42948-147-2〕 The genocide was characterised by widespread death from starvation and dehydration due to the prevention of the retreating Herero from leaving the Namib Desert by German forces. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert wells.〔Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004) (''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts'' ), Routledge, NY ISBN 978-0-20389-043-1〕〔Dan Kroll (2006) ''Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource'', p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-1-59370-069-0〕 In 1985, the United Nations' ''Whitaker Report'' classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of South-West Africa, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. In 2004 the German government recognised and apologised for the events, but has ruled out financial compensation for the victims' descendants. In July 2015, the German government and parliament officially called the events a "genocide" and "part of a race war". ==Background== The Herero were originally a group of cattle herders living in the central-eastern region of German South-West Africa, presently modern Namibia. The area occupied by the Herero was known as Damaraland. In 1883, during the scramble for Africa, Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz purchased a stretch of coast near the Angra Pequena bay from the reigning chief. The terms of the purchase were fraudulent, but the German government nonetheless established a protectorate over it.〔Jan-Bart Gewald (1998) ''Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923'', James Currey, Oxford ISBN 978-0-82141-256-5〕 At that time, it was the only overseas German territory deemed suitable for white settlement.〔Peace and freedom, Volume 40, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, page 57, The Section, 1980〕 Chief of the neighbouring Hereros, Kamaharero rose to power by uniting all the Herero. Faced with repeated attacks by the Khowesin, a subtribe of the Khoikhoi under Hendrik Witbooi, he signed a protection treaty on 21 October 1885 with Imperial Germany's colonial governor Heinrich Ernst Göring (father of Nazi Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring) but did not cede the land of the Herero. This treaty was renounced in 1888 due to lack of German support against Witbooi but it was reinstated in 1890. The Herero leaders repeatedly complained about violation of this treaty, as Herero women and girls were raped by Germans, a crime that the German authorities were reluctant to punish.〔Marcia Klotz (1994) ''White women and the dark continent: gender and sexuality in German colonial discourse from the sentimental novel to the fascist film'', Thesis (Ph. D.) — Stanford University, p. 72: "Although records show that Herero leaders repeatedly complained that Germans were raping Herero women and girls with impunity, not a single case of rape came before the colonial courts before the uprising because the Germans looked upon such offences as mere peccadilloes."〕 In 1890 Kamaharero's son, Samuel, signed a great deal of land over to the Germans in return for helping him to ascend to the Ovaherero throne, and to subsequently be established as paramount chief. German involvement in tribal fighting ended in tenuous peace in 1894 . In that year, Theodor Leutwein became governor of the territory, which underwent a period of rapid development, while the German government sent the ''Schutztruppe'' (imperial colonial troops) to pacify the region.〔("A bloody history: Namibia’s colonisation" ), BBC News, 29 August 2001〕 Under German colonial rule, natives were routinely used as slave labourers, and their lands were frequently confiscated and given to colonists, who were encouraged to settle on land taken from the natives; that land was stocked with cattle stolen from the Hereros and Namas,〔〔E.D. Morel (1920) (''The Black Man's Burden'' ), pp 55, 64 & 66, B.W. Huebsch, New York〕〔Hull, Isabel V. (2005) (''Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany'' ), Cornell University Press, NY ISBN 978-0-80144-258-2〕〔Bley, Helmut (1996) ''Namibia under German Rule'', pp. 10 & 59, LIT, Hamburg ISBN 978-3-89473-225-7〕〔Baranowski, Shelley (2011) ''Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler'', pp. 47-9, 55-6 & 59, Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-52185-739-0〕〔Steinmetz, George (2007) ''The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa'', University of Chicago Press ISBN 978-0-22677-244-8〕 causing a great deal of resentment. Eventually the area was to be inhabited predominantly by German settlers and become "African Germany".〔A. Dirk Moses (2008) ''Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History'', Berghahn Books, NY ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4〕 Over the next decade, the land and the cattle that were essential to Herero and Nama lifestyles passed into the hands of German settlers arriving in South-West Africa.〔Bridgman, Jon M. (1981) (''The Revolt of the Hereros'' ), California University Press ISBN 978-0-52004-113-4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herero and Namaqua Genocide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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